家犬在欧洲与亚洲都曾被驯化

The question, 'Where do domestic dogs come from?', has vexed¹ scholars for a very long time. Some argue that humans first domesticated² wolves in Europe, while others claim this happened in Central Asia or China. A new paper, published in Science, suggests that all these claims may be right. Supported by funding from the European Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council, a large international team of scientists compared genetic³ data with existing archaeological evidence and show that man's best friend may have emerged independently from two separate (possibly now extinct) wolf populations that lived on opposite sides of the Eurasian continent. This means that dogs may have been domesticated not once, as widely believed, but twice. A major international research project on dog domestication⁴, led by the University of Oxford⁵, has reconstructed the evolutionary⁶ history of dogs by first sequencing the genome (at Trinity College Dublin) of a 4,800-year old medium-sized dog from bone excavated⁷ at the Neolithic⁸ Passage Tomb of Newgrange, Ireland. The team (including French researchers based in Lyon and at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris*) also obtained mitochondrial DNA⁹ from 59 ancient dogs living between 14,000 to 3,000 years ago and then compared them with the genetic signatures of more than 2,500 previously¹⁰ studied modern dogs.

 

The results of their analyses demonstrate a genetic separation between modern dog populations currently living in East Asia and Europe. Curiously¹¹, this population split seems to have taken place after the earliest archaeological evidence for dogs in Europe. The new genetic evidence also shows a population turnover¹² in Europe that appears to have mostly replaced the earliest domestic dog population there, which supports the evidence that there was a later arrival of dogs from elsewhere. Lastly, a review of the archaeological record shows that early dogs appear in both the East and West more than 12,000 years ago, but in Central Asia no earlier than 8,000 years ago.

 

Combined, these new findings suggest that dogs were first domesticated from geographically¹³ separated wolf populations on opposite sides of the Eurasian continent. At some point after their domestication, the eastern dogs dispersed¹⁴ with migrating humans into Europe where they mixed with and mostly replaced the earliest European dogs. Most dogs today are a mixture of both Eastern and Western dogs -- one reason why previous genetic studies have been difficult to interpret. 

 

The international project (which is combining ancient and modern genetic data with detailed¹⁵ morphological and archaeological research) is currently analysing thousands of ancient dogs and wolves to test this new perspective, and to establish the timing¹⁶ and location of the origins of our oldest pet.

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