国际农业发展基金代表：中非农业合作让双方共同受益 Agri-cooper

 

国际农业发展基金代表贝诺特·蒂埃里和马泰奥·马尔基西奥认为，非洲可以从中国的农村发展经验中获益良多。20年来，国际农业发展基金、中国和非洲一直在开展南南合作项目，促进了中非之间的知识、技术和发展解决方案交流。

 

The Eighth Ministerial Conference of the Forum¹ on China-Africa Cooperation held in Dakar, Senegal, in November marked China's new commitment to Africa for the next three years on the theme of "strengthening partnership² and sustainable development for a Chinese-African community with a shared future in a new era".

去年11月，中非合作论坛第八届部长级会议在塞内加尔达喀尔举行，本届会议主题是“深化中非伙伴合作，促进可持续发展，构建新时代中非命运共同体”。会议上，中国宣布了未来三年对非合作新举措。

In this ambitious cooperation program, agriculture, food security, and overall sustainable rural transformation³ have a central place given their importance to the development of African countries.

在这一雄心勃勃的合作计划中，农业、粮食安全和全面可持续的农村转型对非洲国家的发展至关重要。

There is much that Africa can benefit from China's experience in rural development. China has succeeded in feeding 1.4 billion people－about one-fifth of the world's population－with less than 10 percent of the world's arable⁴ land and less than 7 percent of the world's water resources. On the other hand, although the African continent has 60 percent of the world's potentially arable land and although agriculture production in Africa has increased 160 percent over the past 30 years, many African countries still suffer from food insecurity and a low-productive agricultural sector⁵.

非洲可以从中国的农村发展经验中获益良多。中国用不到全球10%的耕地和不到全球7%的水资源成功养活了约全球五分之一的人口（14亿人）。另一方面，尽管非洲大陆拥有全球60%的潜在耕地，非洲的农业生产在过去30年中增长了160%，但许多非洲国家仍然面临粮食安全问题和农业生产效率低下问题。

At the International Fund for Agricultural Development, we are well placed to see how Africa can benefit from this cooperation.

国际农业发展基金见证了非洲如何从中非合作中受益。

For two decades, the IFAD, China and Africa have been working together on South-South cooperation programs, which have facilitated the transfer of technologies and good practices between China and Africa. For instance, successful biogas digester technologies for rural households introduced by the IFAD in China's Guangxi Zhuang autonomous⁶ region in early 2000 were later replicated⁷ in several African countries through IFAD-funded projects.

20年来，国际农业发展基金、中国和非洲一直在开展南南合作项目，促进了中非之间的技术和优良实践经验交流。例如，国际农业发展基金于2000年初在中国广西壮族自治区为农村家庭引进的成功沼气池技术，后来通过该基金资助的项目在几个非洲国家推广。

Transfer of knowledge, technologies and development solutions between countries from the Global South－including between China and Africa－have also been pursued by IFAD through the establishment in 2018 of a South-South Cooperation Facility with the financial contribution of the Chinese government.

国际农业发展基金还通过2018年在中国政府的资助下建立的一处南南合作设施，在南方国家之间（包括中非之间）转让知识、技术和发展解决方案。

An example of how China's experience and best practices could benefit Africa can be seen in the "Great Green Wall" initiative, a tree-planting program implemented⁸ in China since 1978 to prevent the expansion of the Gobi Desert that generated a number of benefits: it reduced the impact of dust storms, reduced soil erosion, protected China's grasslands⁹, and helped absorb millions of tons of greenhouse gas emissions¹⁰.

“绿色长城倡议”是中国自1978年就开始实施的一项植树工程，旨在防止戈壁沙漠扩张，这项工程产生了诸多益处，包括减少了沙尘暴影响，减少了土壤侵蚀，保护了中国的草原，并帮助吸收了数百万吨温室气体。

A similar initiative, the "Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel", is being implemented by the African Union to combat desertification in the Sahel region and restore 250 million hectares of degraded land, mainly for agricultural use. The initiative is expected to create 10 million jobs, and sequester¹¹ 250 million tons of carbon. The IFAD, on its part, will lead the delivery of the Great Green Wall initiative "umbrella program", which will help promote investments to build forest resources, strengthen agro-pastoral practices and guarantee water supply, while facilitating the resolution of conflicts at the community level in the region. Such an initiative could greatly benefit from China's Great Green Wall experience.

非盟正在实施一项类似的倡议，即“绿色长城撒哈拉和萨赫勒倡议”，目的是防治萨赫勒地区荒漠化，恢复2.5亿公顷的退化土地，主要用于农业用途。该倡议预计将创造1000万个就业机会，并封存2.5亿吨碳。国际农业发展基金则将牵头实施绿色长城倡议的“总括计划”，这将有助于促进投资，建设森林资源，加强农牧业实践和保障供水，同时促进解决该地区部落冲突。这样的倡议可以从中国的“绿色长城”经验中受益匪浅。

But the IFAD's South-South cooperation does not focus only on technology transfer. Between 2009 and 2018, the IFAD and China jointly¹² supported a series of South-South cooperation workshops that facilitated exchanges between Chinese and African policymakers, a major development given the role of policy dimension in promoting sustainable rural transformation and achieving Sustainable Development Goals No 1(no poverty) and No 2(no hunger).

但国际农业发展基金的南南合作并不只集中在技术转让上。在2009年至2018年期间，该基金和中国共同支持了一系列南南合作研讨会，促进了中国和非洲政策制定者之间的交流，这是一项重大进展，因为政策在促进农村可持续转型和实现可持续发展第一目标（消除贫困）和第二目标（零饥饿）中发挥了重要作用。

There is much Africa can learn from Asia in general, and China in particular, in terms of land reform. China's second land reform in 1978, for instance, is recognized as one of the key factors that triggered China's rapid economic growth and rural transformation. The reform, also known as household responsibility system, replaced collective farming by contracting cultivated land to all village households. This had positive effects on the equitable¹³ distribution of land to farmers, and ultimately on agricultural productivity, food security and poverty alleviation¹⁴.

在农村土地改革方面，非洲可以向整个亚洲，特别是中国学习很多东西。例如，中国的家庭联产承包责任制被认为是触发中国经济快速增长和农村转型的关键因素之一。这项改革将耕地承包给所有农户。这对农业生产力、粮食安全和减贫产生了积极影响。

Finally, China-Africa cooperation does not have to be restricted to technologies and policies; it can more broadly also include "approaches". A well-noted approach in China that favoured the integration¹⁵ of small producers in profitable value chains, for example, foresaw the establishment of a contractual business relationship between smallholder farmers and "dragonhead enterprises", subject to meeting quality standards.

最后，中非合作不必局限于技术和政策；还可以扩大至具体做法。例如，中国一个备受关注的“做法”是支持吸纳农户加入可盈利的利益链，该做法使农户在符合质量标准的前提下和“龙头企业”之间建立合同关系。

The public sector could support smallholder farmers to develop the required quality to enter into these types of contracts with the agro-enterprises. This type of "contract farming" between smallholder farmers and large agro-enterprises is also promising¹⁶ in Africa, as proved during the past decades in the cotton, cocoa and market gardening sectors¹⁷. And it can be extended to many other sectors in agriculture and livestock¹⁸, as shown by the recent success of the poultry¹⁹ sector in Senegal.

政府部门可以支持农户提高农产品质量，达到与农业企业签订此类合同所需的标准。正如过去几十年在棉花、可可和园艺产品行业所证明的那样，农户和大型农业企业之间的这种“订单农业”也很有希望在非洲实践。这种做法还可以扩展到农业和畜牧业的许多其他领域，塞内加尔家禽业最近取得的成功就是明证。

Such cooperation between the public sector, the private sector and small-scale producers can lead to enormous production gains, which Africa needs in the next 30 years. But despite African agricultural growth averaging 2 percent a year over the past three decades, it has failed to catch up with population growth.

政府、私营企业和小规模农户之间的这种合作可以带来巨大的生产收益，这是非洲未来30年所需要的。在过去三十年非洲农业的年平均增长率为2%，但却未能赶上人口增长。

Hence, a paradigm²⁰ shift is needed for food production to keep pace with Africa's increasing population, which is expected to double by 2050. We at the IFAD believe that this type of cooperation, combined with the support programs for small producers that the IFAD is setting up, will make it possible to achieve more equitable food systems, capable of producing food of quality and providing decent incomes for producers while preserving the environment.

因此，粮食生产需要转变模式，以跟上非洲人口的增长，预计到2050年，非洲人口将翻一番。国际农业发展基金相信，通过该类型合作以及国际农业发展基金正在建立的对小规模农户的支持计划，将有可能实现更公平的粮食体系，能够生产高质量的粮食，并在保护环境的同时为生产者提供体面的收入。

There is much Africa can benefit from China's experience, and the IFAD is well-placed to facilitate such cooperation in the rural and agricultural sectors.

非洲可以从中国的经验中受益匪浅，国际农业发展基金完全有能力促进农村和农业方面的此类合作。

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