LAST考试阅读笔记-第二讲-(2)

3．逻辑题（类似于逻辑单题）
支持题
形式：which of the following, if true（标志）, will most support(strengthen)/weaken the view in the passage?
做法：
直接事例法：文章中有抽象的的理论，我们把它具体化、量化
例：which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in the last sentence?
(a) female larks¹ respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated songs.
(b) male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires² for mate attraction.
(c) both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal³ characteristics.
(d) male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.
(e) male robins⁴ with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.
搭桥法：如文中说a → b，找 a → c → b
例：in one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and another with none. such evidence is consistent with researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electro receptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey⁵; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating⁶ from termite⁷ mounds⁸, where the favorite food of anteaters live.
which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in the passage?
(a) researchers are able to detect anteaters to break into an underground chamber⁹ that is emitting a strong electrical signal.
(b) researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
(c) anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers¹⁰ of ants.
(d) anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants.
(e) anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey.
反对题
釜底抽薪：原因推出结果，直接驳斥原因。如文章说农民不满缺地，就驳斥说有地
欲擒故纵（反证法）：先说你可能是正确地，再逐步推出绝对荒谬的结果来，从而达到驳斥的目的。如文章说鸟有天文导航系统，则可驳斥说，如果这样的话，鸟也就有了fantastic（不可能）的地图系统
直接否定法：直接说文章中的论断是错的。
例：the backgrounds and reasons of participants in the may insurrection of 1871 have been identified, however cursorily¹¹.
which of the following is the most logical objections to the claim made in the passage?
(a) the february revolution of 1848 is much less significant than the july insurrection of 1830.
(b) the backgrounds and motivations of participants in the july insurrection of1830 have been identified, however cursorily.
(c) even less is known about the july insurrection of1830 than about the february revolution of 1848.
(d) historical records made during the july insurrection of1830 are less reliable than those made during the may insurrection of 1871.
(e) the importance of the july insurrection of1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the february revolution of 1848.
它因法：存在其他原因，如文中说 a → b，题里找 c 也可以 → b
4．举例作用题
形式：题干前面是例子，后三词是in order to
做法：例子为结论服务，答案要在例子的结论中找
先结论后例子：标志词如，for example, for instance, such as, like等，此时答案往前找
先例子后结论：如先讲个故事，然后说由此可见；标志词多为表示因果关系的词，如as a result等
例子和结论罗列在一起，没有标志词：这种情况多是先结论后例子，此时答案往前找，做同义变换
5．信息题
形式：which of the following is true？
the author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with which of the following?
the information in the passage answers (does not answer) which of the following question?
做法：解这类题的技巧少
题干中有定位的，如有if, about, concerning, regarding这类词，此时可回原文找答案
题干中无定位的，只可根据笔记一个个做，用排除法，有敏感词如most,only等，文中又没有提及的，可首先排除
6．排除题
特征：一定有大写的except
做法：注意文中的例举，如四小项例举容易出题；有时要做同义变换
例：afro-american poetry owes its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor¹² to wesleyan hymnals.
question：all of the following aspects of afro-american poetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by wesley hymnals except
(a) subject matter (b)word choice (c) rhythm (d) structure (e) religious tone
7．类比题
形式：which of the following is most similar to the situation in…? (similar to, analogous¹³ to, parallel, consistent with)
做法：把文章中具体的内容抽象出规律来，抓住本质特征
例：although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious¹⁴ pollutants¹⁵ from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily¹⁶ increasing. consequently, more than 100 cites in the united stats still have levels of toxic¹⁷ gases that exceed legally established limits.
question：which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the two sentences?
(a) although a town reduces its public service in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.
(b) although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfill, illegal dumping continues to increase.
(c) although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle¹⁸ because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.
(d) although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continue to increase.
(e) although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highway, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase