发现：银河系组成星体的陈迹

"The history of the Milky¹ Way（银河） is encoded in its oldest fragments, globular（球状的） clusters（蔟） and other systems of stars that have witnessed the entire evolution of our galaxy²," says Francesco Ferraro, lead author of a paper appearing in this week's issue of the journal Nature. "Our new study opens a new window on yet another piece of our galactic past." Like archaeologists（考古学家）, who dig through the dust piling up on top of the remains³ of past civilisations（文明） and unearth⁴ crucial pieces of the history of mankind, astronomers⁵ have been gazing through the thick layers of interstellar dust（星际尘埃） obscuring the bulge⁶ of the Milky Way and have unveiled an extraordinary cosmic relic（遗迹，纪念物）.

The target of the study is the star cluster Terzan 5. The new observations show that this object, unlike all but a few exceptional globular clusters, does not harbour stars which are all born at the same time — what astronomers call a "single population" of stars. Instead, the multitude（多数） of glowing stars in Terzan 5 formed in at least two different epochs（新纪元，新时代）, the earliest probably some 12 billion years ago and then again 6 billion years ago.

"Only one globular cluster with such a complex history of star formation has been observed in the halo（晕，光环） of the Milky Way: Omega Centauri," says team member Emanuele Dalessandro. "This is the first time we see this in the bulge（膨胀）."

The galactic bulge（银河系核球） is the most inaccessible⁷ region of our galaxy for astronomical⁸ observations: only infrared⁹ light can penetrate¹⁰ the dust clouds and reveal its myriads¹¹（无数） of stars. "It is only thanks to the outstanding instruments mounted on ESO's Very Large Telescope," says co-author Barbara Lanzoni, "that we have finally been able to 'disperse¹² the fog' and gain a new perspective on the origin of the galactic bulge itself."

A technical jewel lies behind the scenes of this discovery, namely the Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics Demonstrator (MAD), a cutting-edge instrument that allows the VLT to achieve superbly detailed¹³ images in the infrared. Adaptive optics is a technique through which astronomers can overcome the blurring¹⁴（模糊） that the Earth's turbulent atmosphere（湍流大气） inflicts¹⁵ on astronomical images obtained from ground-based telescopes; MAD is a prototype of even more powerful, next-generation adaptive optics instruments.

Through the sharp eye of the VLT, the astronomers also found that Terzan 5 is more massive than previously¹⁶ thought: along with the complex composition and troubled star formation history of the system, this suggests that it might be the surviving remnant（残余，剩余） of a disrupted dwarf¹⁷ galaxy（矮星系）, which merged¹⁸ with the Milky Way during its very early stages and thus contributed to form the galactic bulge.

"This could be the first of a series of further discoveries shedding light on the origin of bulges¹⁹ in galaxies²⁰, which is still hotly debated," concludes Ferraro. "Several similar systems could be hidden behind the bulge's dust: it is in these objects that the formation history of our Milky Way is written."