斯诺登透露美国曾网络攻击清华大学

 

It is not known how many times the prestigious² university（名牌大学） has been attacked by the NSA but details shown to thePostby Snowden reveal that one of the most recent breaches³ was this January.

 

The information also showed that the attacks on Tsinghua University were intensive and concerted efforts. In one single day of January, at least 63 computers and servers in Tsinghua University have been hacked⁴ by the NSA.

 

Snowden said the information he shared on the Tsinghua University attacks provided evidence of NSA hacking because the specific details of external and internal internet protocol⁵ addresses could only have been obtained by hacking or with physical access to the computers.

 

The university is home to one of the mainland's six major backbone⁶ networks, the China Education and Research Network (CERNET) from where internet data from millions of Chinese citizens could be mined.

 

The network was the country's first internet backbone network and has evolved into the world's largest national research hub.

 

It is one of the mainland's non-commercial networks, owned by the Ministry⁷ of Education, but operated and maintained by the university and other colleges.

 

Universities in Hong Kong and the mainland were revealed as targets of NSA's cyber-snooping activities last week when Snowden claimed the Chinese University of Hong Kong had been hacked.

 

Chinese University is home to the Hong Kong Internet Exchange, the city's central hub for all internet traffic.

 

Snowden said the NSA was focusing much attention on so-called "network backbones⁸", through which vast amounts of date passed.

 

In the wake of Snowden's claims, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs set up an office to deal with diplomatic activities involving cyber security.

 

The new cyber affairs office is the first of its kind on the mainland with a Foreign Ministry spokeswoman saying that Beijing, long accused of cyberhacking by the United States, has been a "a major victim" of cyberattacks and that it opposed "cyberattacks in all forms".

 

She added that the central government would discuss cybersecurity issues with the United States at next month's Sino-US strategic and security dialogue.

 

Professor Xu Ke, deputy director of the Institute of Computer Networks at Tsinghua University, has previously⁹ said that most data passing through network backbones was not encrypted.

 

Xu said most attacks on such networks were carried out by governments because individual hackers¹⁰ "could gain little", as the amount of information they faced would be "colossal（巨大的，异常的）".

 

Only governments or large organisations would have the resources and manpower to "find the needle in a haystack", he said.

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