雅思词汇：和社会相关的词汇

Society

A society is a population of humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive¹ culture and/or institutions. More broadly, a society is an economic, social and industrial infrastructure², in which a varied³ multitude of people are a part of. Members of a society may be from different ethnic⁴ groups.

 

Antisocial

Antisocial (against society) is often used in colloquial⁵ speech to mean unfriendly or not sociable⁶ (asocial). In scientific use, antisocial refers more specifically to a person who is harmful or hostile to others, or to society in general.

 

Social exclusion⁷

Social exclusion relates to the alienation⁸ or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. It is often connected to a person's social class, educational status, relationships in childhood and living standards and how these might affect access to various opportunities. It also applies to some degree to people with a disability, to minority men and women of all races, to the elderly, and to youth (Youth Exclusion). Anyone who deviates⁹ in any perceived way from the norm of a population may become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion.

 

Here are some definitions of Social exclusion :

 

“Social exclusion is about the inability of our society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society...[or] to realize their full potential."

 

"Whatever the content and criteria¹⁰ of social membership, socially excluded groups and individuals lack capacity or access to social opportunity.

 

Social class

Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in societies or cultures.

 

People may be part of lower, middle or higher classes.

 

Minority

A minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not constitute a politically dominant¹¹ voting majority of the total population of a given society.

 

A minority group can be defined as:

 

"a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination."

 

Examples of minority groups include emigrants¹², blacks, ...

 

Social solidarity¹³

Social solidarity refers to the integration¹⁴, and degree and type of integration, shown by a society or group.

 

Association

A voluntary association or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, unincorporated association, or just an association) is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose for the good of society.

 

Examples of association include associations for the defense¹⁵ of human rights, minorities, the disabled ...

 

Multicultural¹⁶ Society

A society in which there is a cultural diversity.

 

Health care

Health care, or healthcare, is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation¹⁷ of health through services offered by the medical, dental, nursing, and allied¹⁸ health professions. Health care embraces all the goods and services designed to promote health, including “preventive, curative and palliative interventions¹⁹, whether directed to individuals or to populations”.

 

Voluntary work

Voluntary work is done by volunteers for the benefit of a community or society.

 

A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so. Volunteers do not normally get paid.

 

Homelessness

Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing, because they cannot afford, or are otherwise unable to maintain, regular, safe, and adequate shelter.

 

People who are part of this social category are called homeless people.

 

Poverty

Poverty is the deprivation²⁰ of common necessities such as food, clothing, shelter and safe drinking water, all of which determine our quality of life. It may also include the lack of access to opportunities such as education and employment which aid the escape from poverty and/or allow one to enjoy the respect of fellow citizens.

 

Citizenship²¹

Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation²²; a person having such membership is a citizen.

 

Gender²³ Roles

A gender role is defined as a set of perceived behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females, in a given social group or system. It can be a form of division of labor²⁴ by gender.

 

Domestic violence

Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically²⁵ or psychologically dominate another. Domestic violence often refers to violence between spouses²⁶, or spousal abuse but can also include cohabitants and non-married intimate partners.

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