美国政治 2

6)Powers of the Senate: the Senate has the power to ①introduced legislation on any subject except revenue bills (除了税收法案). It has the authority to ②confirm or reject predidential appointments(总统任命) of high officials as well as the U.S. foreign treaties. ③Its chairman is the Vice¹ President.

参议院权利：1立法除税收。还有一些特殊权利：2批准或否决总统任命的高级官员及外交条约；领导人是副总统。

 

7)The judicial² system has evolved into the present structure: According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme³ Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction⁴. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。

 

8)The two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties

①the two-party system:the two party system means that the two major political parties — now the Democrats⁵ and the Republicans — compete with each other to dominate politics at the federal, state, and local levels.

两党制意味着两个主要的政党—目前为民主党和共和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。

②the characteristics of the two major parties:The two major parties are not very different today. They are two coalitions⁶ of interests and interest groups(利益集团的联合). There is no strict party discipline(党纪). One does not have to apply or go through necessary formalities to become a member of either party. But there are some differences between them. The Democrats traditionally favour government intervention⁷ (主张政府干涉经济)while the Republicans stress the role of the market (市场作用)more. On social issue the Democrats support a strong social security system (社会安全保障体制) while the Republicans oppose large governmental social security programs. In spite of these differenes, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism⁸ and uphold private ownership of means of production(坚持生产资料私有制) .

两个主要政党今天并没有实质区别。他们是利益集团的联合。没有严格的党纪。要想成为某党成员，不需要申请或办理必要的手续。但他们有所不同。民主党主张政府干涉，共和党则强调市场作用。在社会问题上，民主党支持建立强大的社会保障体系，而共和党反对大规模的政府社会保障计划。尽管存在这些区别，两党都信仰个人主义，保护资本主义制度，维护生产资料私有制。

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