2007版--填空式阅读(强化)－1

Directions: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)

                                    大纲样题

    Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles¹, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now .41) ______________________________

    Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains² are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

    42)_____________________________ . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know noting.

    43)____________________________ . There were also crablike³ creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

    44)_____________________________ . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers⁵, each representing a temporary home of the animal . As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber⁴ and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

    45)_____________________________ .

    About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out .The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive⁶ man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings⁷.

     [A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

    [B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked ,the kind of food they ate .

    [C] The first animals with true backbones⁸ were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians⁹, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy¹⁰ pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed .The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

    [D] The best index fossils tend to be marine¹¹ creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.

    [E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks .

    [F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones ,or shell ,may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud .If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded¹² and preserved.

    [G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or   simply reduced to a more stable form.

全真模拟试题

                                   Passage 1

    English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century. In every country where English is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully¹³ in the development of their countries. 41)_____________________________.

     42).__________________________________. Nonetheless, a world full of different languages will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade and even politics continues. 43)_________________________________.

    The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction (English) as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed¹⁴ with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English, they are already
knowledgeable. 44)____________________________.

    All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities, including education. From a psycho­ logical point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic¹⁵ point of view, the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start. 45)_________________________.

    There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one's native language first, then go abroad to have a university education in a foreign language.

    [A] If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.

    [B] Those who are taught in a foreign language from the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants¹⁷.

    [C] Suppose you work in a big firm and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking for a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English.

    [D] But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages.

    [E]These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leaders' speeches because they are made in a foreign language.

    [F] Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.

    [G]A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch¹⁸ Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated¹⁹ people continue their work of reviving them.

  Passage 2

    In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $ 1,311 .That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?

    Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $ 1, 311 spent by the family in 1972 was $ 521.This was 31 per cent more than the farmer had received in 1959.

    But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41)

    Of the $ 1, 311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $ 790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959.It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. But some economists²⁰ claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. 42)__________________________________.

    43)_______________________________. Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44)_______________.

    Economists remind us that many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. 45)                             .

    It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.

    [A] Thus, as economists point out: "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor' s plant."

    [B] They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmer and the people who

buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?

    [C] "If the housewife wants all of these, "the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she

must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier."

     [D] Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she

carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don' t want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.

     [E] However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period

of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord (雇主) can charge for an apartment.

     [F] Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of

different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

     [G] By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen

have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.

 Passage 3

    Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.

    41)_______________________________. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising²¹ projects. 42)_________________________.

    Tourist counselors²² give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 43)______________________________________________.

    Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. 44)__________________________.

    45)________________________________. Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented²³ customers.

    [A] The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

    [B] They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

    [C] Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.

     [D] As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.

     [E] Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill²⁴ their- contracts and to send them clients.

     [F] In This way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.

    [G] Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel.

   Passage 4

    Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics²⁵ given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure²⁶ sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping²⁷ to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant²⁸ "superbugs".

 Passage 5

    The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. no matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it' s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.

    One theory is that is has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television.41)_______________________________.

They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.

    Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America." 42) _________________.

    The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.

    Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43)_______________________    . Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their-own.

    Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim³⁵ jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered³⁶ jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44)________________.

    The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed³⁷ in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock "n" roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth." 45________________.And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.

   [A] As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. "happy birthday to you," for instance ,is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered.

   [B] But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.

    [C] American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style.

   [D] The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.

   [E] American food has become popular around the world too.

   [F] This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident,

informal and disrespectful.

   [G] It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of the their culture.

Passage   6

    Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel³⁸ the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.

    A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

    "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological³⁹-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science," wrote theoretical physicist⁴⁰ Stephen Hawking⁴¹ in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. 41)___________________________________.

    Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon⁴² for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

    " What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying⁴³ the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual strug­gling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

    Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. 42)___________________. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed⁴⁴ taking exams.

    In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43)_______________________________. Everything else—mass, weight, space, even time itself­—is a variable. And he offered the world his now-famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed 6f light squared—E=mc²

    44)_____________________________.

   45)_____________________________. Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey⁴⁵ in 1955.

    [A]"Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics," Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices. "There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein' s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed⁴⁶ pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi⁴⁷ Germany did.

    [B] How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public' s view about Albert Einstein.

    [C] "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."

    [D] Roosevelt heeded⁴⁸ the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project " that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

    [E] In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.

    [F] In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

    [G] It is said that Einstein's success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.

Passage 7

    When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes", he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: 41)___________________.

    A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that."

    You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.42)_________________________________. If anyone has ever done this to you probably did not like him very much.

    When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves."

    On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes.

    Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way."

    43)­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________________________. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar⁴⁹ at first, but it goes much better than the old one."

    But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.

    44)_____________________________.

    The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. 45)__________________. That is at least as important as how much we know.

    [A] In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. We can become accustomed to any change we choose to make in our personality.

    [B] Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.

    [C] In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.

    [D] Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.

    [E] He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.

    [F] He is eager to make friends with everyone.

    [G] It is also noticed that eye-contact shows something special related to the friendship.

Passage 8

    Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing⁵⁰; the major problems include commercial, political and foreign exchange risk.

    41)_____________________________.They include solvency⁵¹, default, or re­fusal to pay bills. Their major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.42)________________________________.Such risk is encountered when a controversy⁵² arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld⁵³. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. 43)_______________________. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping⁵⁴ them home again, each involving considerable cost.

    Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction⁵⁵ or cancellation⁵⁶ of import licenses⁵⁷.44)____________________________________.

    Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.

    Exchange-rate fluctuations⁵⁹ inevitably⁶⁰ cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects.45)_________________________. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.

    [A]Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.

    [B]One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.

    [C]Commercial risks are handled essentially⁶¹ as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.

    [D]The distributor tested the shipment and declared in to be below acceptable taste and texture⁶² standards.

    [E]   Floating exchange rates of the world' s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate⁶³ for them in their financial planning. International Business Ma­chine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings⁶⁴ in the third quarter to 1981.

    [F] Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation⁵⁸.

    [G] Anyone who gets into the stock market can not gloss⁶⁵ over the risk brought by the political change.

 Passage 9

    Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. 41)___________________________________

    A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromag­netic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. 42)________________________________.

    As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density⁶⁶ residential⁶⁷ areas. 43)__________________________________.

    Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers form within a 500 metre radius⁶⁸ of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. 44)_______________________________.He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer suffers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.

    45)__________________________________.

    [A] He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.

    [B] By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.

    [C] "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be decided," he said.

    [D] Then who finances the research? According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Govern­ment to set up a wide-ranging inquiry⁶⁹ into possible health effects.

    [E] For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically⁷⁰ suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already pro­duced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.

    [F] The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.

    [G] The mobile phone also causes a lot of problems while offering people great convenience.

 Passage 10

    Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity⁷¹ releases, designed to promote goodwill⁷² and a favorable image.

    41)____________________________. Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts⁷³, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department of consultant¹⁶ will likely not be in tune⁷⁴ with marketing efforts. 42)______________________________. Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components⁷⁵ of the public image mix.

    43)____________________________. Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. 44)______________________________.

    The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding⁷⁶ itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. 45)________________________________. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting⁷⁷ impressions.

    [A] Publicity may be in the form of news that have favorable overtones for the company initiated⁷⁸ by the public relations department.

    [B] Furthermore, not all publicity is initiated by the firm; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised.

    [C] Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, usually in the form of press releases or press conferences.

    [D]Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor⁷⁹ of the advertising.

    [E]   It surely causes heavy losses to the company.

    [F] Poor communication and no coordination⁸⁰ may be the consequences.

    [G] The public relations, in fact, is developing some new relative concept in the past few years.