October:Diwali（排灯节）

The essence of this light is Shri Lakshmi-arising, at the beginning of time, out of the waters at the churning of the Milky⁴ Ocean by gods and demons⁵ for a thousand years. Regarded as the goddess of love, beauty and prosperity, Lakshmi, Kamla or Padma (Sanskrit words for lotus), the beloved consort⁶ of Vishnu, along with the dearly loved pot-bellied, elephant headed, auspicious⁷ god of the Hindu theogony, Siri Ganesha, is a presiding deity⁸ of the festival of lights. They are worshipped in every household so that the year may be full of prosperity. Throughout the night a lamp is kept burning before her image so that she may continue to dwell in the house and bestow⁹ upon it the wealth of life.

'Dipavali' means a row of lights ('Diwali' is simply a corrupt¹⁰ form of it) and the festival is so called because of the illuminations that mark the celebrations.

Every Hindu home, rich or poor, it given a spring cleaning a few days prior to the auspicious day, whitewashed¹¹ and adorned¹² in a festive¹³ way. Rows of little earthen lamps illuminate¹⁴ terraces and gardens, walls and courtyards, outer and inner precincts of a temple or a palace. That it was so from ancient times is borne by kings and travelers who have recorded the celebrations.

King Harsha described it as 'Dipapratipadotsava' and King Bhoja calls it 'Sukharati' (happy night) and describes how Lakshmi was venerated¹⁵ and worshipped at dusk and lamps lit in her honour on roadsides and river banks, on hill and tree, in home and temple. To Jimutavahana it was the 'vow¹⁶ of a happy night' (Sukharatrivarta')

Another legend speaks of how Bali was deprived of his kingdom by Vishnu on this day. The good Daitya king, through austerities and devotion, had defeated the great Indra himself. The gods thus feeling humbled¹⁷ appeal to Vishnu for protection. Vishnu becoming manifest in his Dwarf¹⁸ incarnation (Vamana) begs Bali for as much land as he (Vishnu) can over in three steps. Having obtained the boon¹⁹, Vishnu covers heaven and earth in two strides and would have covered the world in the third, but then respecting Bali's goodness and generosity²⁰, he stopped short and left the nether²¹ world to the Datiya king. The legend, found in Rig-Veda, tells of Vishnu's three strides-over earth, heaven and the nether world of Patala, symbolizing²² apparently²³ the rising, culmination²⁴ and setting of the sun. A zodiacal allegory couched in mythological²⁵ terms, it points to the setting of the light of the sun and the emergence²⁶ of the darkness associated with the lower realm. Changes of season, of course, but it tells of the heart of a people and their unlimited²⁷ delight in life, in light, burning not outside but in the deeper recesses²⁸ of the nether regions of cosmos²⁹ and man. Why else should folk recall Bali and his reign³⁰ on this day? We learn that in Maharashtra, effigies³¹ of Bali in rice-flour and cow-dung are prepared by womenfolk who worship and invoke³² his blessings³³. Skanda Purana also refers to Bali being worshipped with fruits and flowers on this auspicious day by drawing this image on the ground in different hues³⁴.