大学英语四级语法精要(1)

1. 时态
1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.

2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

2. 语态
1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
He was said to be jealous¹ of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference².
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

b) 宾补结构的被动语态:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad³ leader.
He was considered quite qualified⁴ for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.

3. 短语动词
1) Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
2) Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral⁵.
3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
4) Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
5) Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
I am trying to give up smoking⁶.
7) Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.