妇女能顶半边天

    国际劳动妇女节 (International Working Women's Day) 又称“联合国妇女权益和国际和平日”(U.N. Day for Women's Rights and International Peace)或“三八”妇女节，是全世界劳动妇女团结战斗的光辉节日。在这一天，世界各大洲的妇女，不分国籍、种族、语言、文化、经济和政治的差异，共同关注妇女的人权。近几十年来，联合国的四次全球性会议加强了国际妇女运动，随着国际妇女运动的成长，妇女节取得了全球性的意义。这些进展使国际妇女节成为团结一致、协调努力要求妇女权利和妇女参与政治、经济和社会生活的日子。

　　国际劳动妇女节 ——1909年3月8日，美国芝加哥的劳动妇女和美国其他地区的纺织工业及服装工业的女工，为了要求增加工资、实行八小时工作制和获得选举权，举行了规模空前的大罢工和示威游行。这一斗争得到了美国和世界广大劳动妇女的热烈响应和支持。1910年8月，在丹麦哥本哈根召开了第二届国际社会主义妇女大会，出席会议的有17个国家的妇女代表。德国和国际工人运动的活动家、国际妇女书记处书记克拉拉·蔡特金，倡议把3月8日作为国际劳动妇女节。新中国成立后，中央人民政府政务院于1949年12月23日规定“三八”国际劳动妇女节为中国的劳动妇女节日，妇女放半天假。1977年，第32届联合国大会决定把3月8日作为“联合国妇女权益日和国际和平日”。

        International Women's Day (8 March) is an occasion marked by women's groups around the world. This date is also commemorated¹ at the United Nations and is designated in many countries as a national holiday. When women on all continents, often divided by national boundaries and by ethnic², linguistic³, cultural, economic and political differences, come together to celebrate their Day, they can look back to a tradition that represents at least nine decades of struggle for equality, justice, peace and development.

　　International Women's Day is the story of ordinary women as makers⁴ of history; it is rooted in the centuries-old struggle of women to participate in society on an equal footing with men. In ancient Greece, Lysistrata initiated⁵ a sexual strike against men in order to end war; during the French Revolution, Parisian women calling for "liberty, equality, fraternity" marched on Versailles to demand women's suffrage⁶.

　　The idea of an International Women's Day first arose at the turn of the century, which in the industrialized world was a period of expansion and turbulence⁷, booming population growth and radical⁸ ideologies⁹. Following is a brief chronology of the most important events:

　　1909

　　In accordance with a declaration by the Socialist¹⁰ Party of America, the first National Woman's Day was observed across the United States on 28 February. Women continued to celebrate it on the last Sunday of that month through 1913.

　　1910

　　The Socialist International, meeting in Copenhagen, established a Women's Day, international in character, to honour the movement for women's rights and to assist in achieving universal suffrage for women. The proposal was greeted with unanimous approval by the conference of over 100 women from 17 countries, which included the first three women elected to the Finnish parliament. No fixed¹¹ date was selected for the observance.

　　1911

　　As a result of the decision taken at Copenhagen the previous year, International Women's Day was marked for the first time (19 March) in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland, where more than one million women and men attended rallies. In addition to the right to vote and to hold public office, they demanded the right to work, to vocational training and to an end to discrimination on the job.

　　Less than a week later, on 25 March, the tragic¹² Triangle Fire in New York City took the lives of more than 140 working girls, most of them Italian and Jewish immigrants. This event had a significant impact on labour legislation in the United States, and the working conditions leading up to the disaster were invoked¹³ during subsequent observances of International Women's Day.

　　1913-1914

　　As part of the peace movement brewing¹⁴ on the eve of World War I, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913. Elsewhere in Europe, on or around 8 March of the following year, women held rallies either to protest the war or to express solidarity¹⁵ with their sisters.

　　1917

　　With 2 million Russian soldiers dead in the war, Russian women again chose the last Sunday in February to strike for "bread and peace". Political leaders opposed the timing¹⁶ of the strike, but the women went on anyway. The rest is history: Four days later the Czar was forced to abdicate¹⁷ and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote. That historic Sunday fell on 23 February on the Julian calendar then in use in Russia, but on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar in use elsewhere.

　　Since those early years, International Women's Day has assumed a new global dimension for women in developed and developing countries alike. The growing international women's movement, which has been strengthened by four global United Nations women's conferences, has helped make the commemoration a rallying point for coordinated¹⁸ efforts to demand women's rights and participation¹⁹ in the political and economic process. Increasingly, International Women's Day is a time to reflect on progress made, to call for change and to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played an extraordinary role in the history of women's rights.

　　The Role of the United NationsFew causes promoted by the United Nations have generated more intense and widespread support than the campaign to promote and protect the equal rights of women. The Charter of the United Nations, signed in San Francisco in 1945, was the first international agreement to proclaim gender²⁰ equality as a fundamental human right. Since then, the Organization has helped create a historic legacy²¹ of internationally agreed strategies, standards, programmes and goals to advance the status of women worldwide.

　　Over the years, United Nations action for the advancement²² of women has taken four clear directions: promotion²³ of legal measures; mobilization of public opinion and international action; training and research, including the compilation²⁴ of gender desegregated statistics; and direct assistance to disadvantaged groups. Today a central organizing principle of the work of the United Nations is that no enduring solution to society's most threatening social, economic and political problems can be found without the full participation, and the full empowerment, of the world's women.