对火星甲烷的研究，增强火星存在生命的猜想

Scientists have ruled out the possibility that排除……可能性 methane¹甲烷 is delivered to Mars by meteorites陨星, raising fresh hopes that the gas might be generated by life on the red planet, in research published tomorrow (Wednesday 9 December 2009) in Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Methane has a short lifetime of just a few hundred years on Mars because it is constantly being depleted消耗的，枯竭的 by a chemical reaction in the planet's atmosphere, caused by sunlight. Scientists analysing data from telescopic observations and unmanned space missions have discovered that methane on Mars is being constantly replenished⁶充满的 by an unknown source and they are keen to uncover how the levels of methane are being topped up.

Researchers had thought that meteorites³ might be responsible for Martian methane levels because when the rocks enter the planet's atmosphere they are subjected to intense heat, causing a chemical reaction that releases methane and other gases into the atmosphere.

However, the new study, by researchers from Imperial College London, shows that the volumes of methane that could be released by the meteorites entering Mars's atmosphere are too low to maintain the current atmospheric⁷ levels of methane. Previous studies have also ruled out the possibility that the methane is delivered through volcanic⁸ activity火山活动.

This leaves only two plausible似真实的，似合理的 theories to explain the gas's presence, according to the researchers behind today's findings. Either there are microorganisms微生物 living in the Martian soil that are producing methane gas as a by-product¹⁰副产品 of their metabolic¹¹ processes代谢过程, or methane is being produced as a by-product of reactions between volcanic rock and water.

Co-author of the study, Dr Richard Court, Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London, says: "Our experiments are helping¹² to solve the mystery of methane on Mars. Meteorites vaporising in the atmosphere are a proposed methane source but when we recreate their fiery¹³ entry in the laboratory we get only small amounts of the gas. For Mars, meteorites fail the methane test."

The team say their study will help NASA and ESA scientists who are planning a joint¹⁴ mission to the red planet in 2018 to search for the source of methane. The researchers say now that they have discovered that meteorites are not a source of Methane on Mars, ESA and NASA scientists can focus their attention on the two last remaining options.

Co-author, Professor Mark Sephton, Department of Earth Science and Engineering at Imperial College London, adds: "This work is a big step forward. As Sherlock Holmes said, eliminate all other factors and the one that remains¹⁵ must be the truth. The list of possible sources of methane gas is getting smaller and excitingly, extraterrestrial life地外生命 still remains an option. Ultimately the final test may have to be on Mars."

The team used a technique called Quantitive Pyrolysis-Fourier Transform Infrared¹⁶ Spectroscopy光谱学 to reproduce the same searing灼热的 conditions experienced by meteorites as they enter the Martian atmosphere. The team heated the meteorite² fragments碎片 to 1000 degrees Celsius¹⁷ and measured the gases that were released using an infrared beam红外光束.

When quantities of gas released by the laboratory experiments were combined with published calculations of meteorite in-fall rates on Mars, the scientists calculated that only 10 kilograms of meteorite methane was produced each year, far below the 100 to 300 tonnes required to replenish⁵ methane levels in the Martian atmosphere.