The Old Town of Lijiang

Brief Introduction

This 800-year-old habitation of the Naxi people is noteworthy（显著的） for its harmony with nature, ingenious（有独创性的） architecture and urban facilities.

Lying in a broad, fertile valley in the northwest of Yunnan Province, the old town of Lijiang has been a commercial, political and cultural center of the Naxi people and other ethnic¹ minorities for over eight centuries.

It was designated as a town around the beginning the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). From 1253 on, the Naxi people of Lijiang developed a unique social system, customs and culture of their own under the rule of a hereditary² succession of chieftains（酋长，首领） of the Mu clan³. In the 18th century, the Qing Dynasty rulers implemented⁴（实施，执行） a policy of cultural interaction, and the Naxi people adopted the customs of the Tibetan and Han peoples. Despite several earthquakes that afflicted⁵ Lijiang, and because of renovation⁶（革新，修理） , most of the old town retains its original structure.

Lijiang is surrounded by the snow-covered Yulong Mountains. "There are four seasons on one mountain," says a folk song about Yulong, "and the scenery changes every ten li (five km)." The Lijiang area is known as a treasure house of animals and plants, and a huge natural reservoir. Water flowing down from melting glaciers⁷ and snow high in the mountains irrigates⁸ the fields and provides water for the residents.

Water, in fact, flows everywhere in Lijiang. Crystal-clear streams wind around all the houses and flows through the courtyards. Stone bridges span the streams. Streets paved with colored stones, including Sifang (Square) Street, are thus kept free from dust and mud in all seasons. The source of these streams is the Yuquan (Jade Spring) River, which meanders⁹ past the foot of Xiangshan (Elephant) Hill, north of Lijiang. In addition, there is the Baimalong (White-Horse Dragon) Pool and wells sunk around the numerous springs. The local people have made ponds along the courses of the springs. The upper ponds supply drinking water, the middle ponds are for washing vegetables, and the lower ponds are for washing clothes. The spring water that overflows¹⁰ the banks is used for washing the streets.

All over the old town there are unique buildings inspired by and in harmony with Nature. Cultural relics¹¹, both tangible¹²（有形的，切实的） and intangible, also abound¹³. In the vicinity of Lijiang there are the Shuhe Folk Residence and Baisha Folk Residence Complex, as well as cultural sites like the Five Phoenix¹⁴ Tower in the Fuguo Temple, the Great Treasure Palace and the Glazed¹⁵ Hall.

Cultural Heritage

Music

Almost all Lijiang counties have their own ensembles¹⁶ of the traditional music, among which the Baihua and Dayan Troupe¹⁷ are the best known. The musicians of the traditional music are mostly advanced in age and experienced in both music and story telling. They have received the special attention of the government as carriers of the ancient culture of the Naxi people.

The most famous musical piece is the time-honored Baisha Music Suite¹⁸ combining singing, dancing and instrumental music, also known asBieshixieli, or Beishixili. Other forms of music include the Dongjing (Taoist Scripture) Music that originated among the Han people and maintains the rhythms and tunes¹⁹ of ci and qu, lost forms of classical verse from central China. Various kinds of dance music are also popular in the Lijiang area.

Murals

The renowned²⁰ murals（壁画） of Lijiang are to be found in the town, and the 15 temples in the surrounding areas. These murals, dating from the Ming and Qing periods, depict²¹ religious themes. A large mural in the Dabaoji Palace in Baisha Village shows a hundred deities²²（神明，神灵） and figures of Han Buddhism²³, Tibetan Buddhism, and Taoism.

Dongba script and language

The most amazing feature of Lijiang is the Dongba script, handed down for generations in the Lijiang area. Also known as the Encyclopedia²⁴ of the Naxi Minority, the scriptures²⁵ comprise more than 20,000 volumes recording²⁶ the history and culture of the Naxi people, among which is Cuomo, a description of the stories, steps, costumes, stage props²⁷, and musical instruments for several dozen Dongba classical dances.

The language used by the Naxi people in compiling their scriptures is Dongba, the world's only living language that still uses hieroglyphics²⁸. Literally²⁹ meaning "knowledge", it is the main vehicle of the traditional culture of the Naxi People.

Architecture

Lijiang covers an area of 14 sq. km, and has over 4,200 households. It is also known as Dayan Town, meaning large inkstone（水绿矾） , as it is laid out in the shape of a traditional Chinese inkstone.

With Sifang Street as the central thoroughfare（大路，通道） , Lijiang has houses made of stone and wood, combining the architectural features of the Han, Bai and Tibetan ethnic groups, as well as the Naxi.

A typical house has two stories. A row of three main rooms on the ground floor faces south and is flanked on each side by a row of three rooms projecting at right angles and opening inward to form a front courtyard hidden from public view by a wall.

The three main rooms are for the elders, and the side rooms are for the younger members of the family. The roof edges over the gables are embellished³⁰（装饰，布置） with fish-shaped boards, known locally as "suspended fish." In the Chinese language, "fish" and "surplus" sound the same, so the carved fish are a sort of prayer for auspiciousness³¹（吉兆，幸运） and wealth. The doorway³² is decorated with exquisite³³（精致的，细腻的） carvings³⁴, and the courtyard is paved with pebbles³⁵（鹅卵石） , colored tiles, or colored bricks. The middle room of the main row has six latticed（格状的） windows ornamented³⁶ with designs of flowers, birds and animals. A spacious³⁷ veranda³⁸ in front of the main rooms provides a space for the family members to relax in. Almost every household has a flowerbed and a pool in the courtyard.

Folk Culture

Lijiang is not only the cultural center of the Naxi people, but also a meeting place for the Han, Tibetan, Bai and Naxi cultures. Ever since the 7th century (during the Tang Dynasty), the Naxi people have cultivated their unique culture through learning from other ethnic groups, including their unique pictographic script, songs, dances and operas.