The Ancient City of Pingyao

Brief Introduction

This is the best-preserved historic townscape（都市景观） in the regions populated by the Han ethnic¹ group.

The Old Town of Pingyao lies in Pingyao County in central Shanxi Province. It was constructed during the reign² of King Xuan of the Western Zhou Dynasty (C.827-782B.C.) and has been a county seat ever since the establishment of the prefecture-and-county system in ancient China. Today, Pingyao looks much the same as it did during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties.

Pingyao is known mainly for three historical treasures: the ancient brick city wall, the Zhenguo Temple, and the Shuanglin Temple. The city wall of Pingyao was originally built using rammed³ earth（素土夯实） , and was rebuilt with bricks in 1370 during the reign of Emperor Hong Wu of the Ming Dynasty. The wall extends for six km, and testifies to the profound influence of Confucianism（儒家学说） in this region, as the 3,000 embrasures（炮眼） on the wall are said to represent the number of disciples⁴（门徒） of Confucius, and the 72 small watchtowers represent his 72 top disciples. In the later period of the Qing Dynasty, the Kuixing Pavilion was built on the southeast section of the wall, and became a symbol of the flourishing culture of the ancient city.

Pingyao occupies an important place in the financial history of modern China. It was the location of the Shanxi Commerce and Rishengchang Piaohao, a kind of banking⁵ firm dealing⁶ mainly in the transfer of money. The now-defunct firm is considered to have been the predecessor⁷ of modern banks in China. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, along with the development of the economy and commerce, several large commercial firms in Shanxi Province opened branches outside the province, thus establishing a trans-regional business network. The circulation of commodities and the transfer of money gave rise to the piaohao.

In 1824, the Rishengchang Piaohao, the first banking firm in China, was established on what had been the site of the Xiyucheng Pigment⁸ Shop on Xidajie Street. Three years later, Rishengchang opened branches in Shandong, Henan, Liaoning, and Jiangsu provinces. In the 1840s, it expanded its operations to Japan, Singapore, and Russia. Following the example of Rishengchang, more than 20 piaohaos opened one after another in Pingyao, turning the town into the financial center of China.

Cultural Heritage

The original purpose of King Xuan for building Pingyao was to withstand the attacks of the nomads⁹ of the north. Afterwards, Pingyao was developed into a multi-functional city, the starting place of commercial business in Shanxi and the birthplace of China's first rudimentary（基本的，初步的） form of a modern bank. Peiyao also retains most of its ancient charm in buildings like the Temple of Confucius, the Qingxu Temple, and a great number of residential¹⁰ buildings.

The Old Town of Pingyao was constructed according to the traditional planning and building style of the Han ethnic group, and was designed according to the functions of its different parts. Four large streets, eight smaller ones, and 72 lanes make a neat grid¹¹. Symmetrically arranged along an axis¹², the private houses were constructed either in the style of courtyard houses or in the style of manmade-cave houses, all with local features. Today, Pingyao still has 3,797 courtyard houses, 400 of them especially well preserved. In addition, richly decorated temples and shops are scattered¹³ all over the town. These old buildings bring back a scene of the flourishing town of Pingyao as one of the most prosperous commercial centers during the Ming and Qing periods.

The Zhenguo Temple, located in the northeast part of the city, was built 1,000 years ago, and its Hall of Ten Thousand Buddhas¹⁴ (Wan-fo Hall) is the third-oldest existing wooden building in China. The painted statues from the Five Dynasties period (907-960) inside the Wanfo Hall are recognized as precious sculptures.

The Shuanglin Temple, with its ten halls, is located in the southwest part of the town. It was rebuilt in 571, during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577). As the temple houses more than 2,000 painted clay statues from the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) through the Ming Dynasty, it is known as the Treasure House of Painted Sculptures.

Other treasures in Pingyao include the Hall of Great Achievements (Da-cheng-dian) in the Temple of Confucius (Wen-miao), reconstructed in 1163, and the Qingxu Temple, originally constructed in 657.

Notabilities

The time-honored city of Pingyao is also notable for producing famous figures in Chinese history: Sun Sheng, an upright historian in defiance¹⁵ of threats of execution in the 19th century; Sun Kang, a diligent¹⁶ scholar of ancient times famed for reading in the reflected light of the snow; Hou Wailu, a top contemporary expert in history; Wang Yao, a top Chinese literature specialist; the linguist¹⁷（语言学家） Hou Jingyi and many top-notch professionals in arts.

Notables of Pingyao also include:

Sun Chu (218-293), a scholar of the Western Jin Dynasty, famed for his poems. He was appointed to several official positions, including that of prefect of Fengyi. The most quoted work by Sun Chu is Valediction¹⁸ at the Departure of Several Generals.

Sun Chuo (314-371), one of the representative metaphysical poets of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Erudite and reclusive, he lived a cloistered¹⁹ life in Zhejiang for ten years before being invited to work as minister in the government. His most famous works include "Ode to Seclusion²⁰" and "Ode to Mt. Tiantai".

Legends and Stories

The parapet（栏杆，扶手） , or the Maiden's Wall, is named after a little girl who saved a workman's life at the cost of her own. Legend has it that the girl used to sit on the city wall every day watching her grandpa help to build the wall. One day, when she saw a fatigued²¹（疲乏的） worker swaggering（昂首阔步） by the edge of the wall, she came up to push him back to the safe place but fell off herself. In grief, the workers built up a smaller parapet on the wall to commemorate²² her.