生活在城市的土狼绝不离弃配偶

Coyotes（土狼） living in cities don't ever stray from their mates, and stay with each other till death do them part, according to a new study. The finding sheds light on why the North American cousin of the dog and wolf, which is originally native to deserts and plains, is thriving today in urban areas.

 

Scientists with Ohio State University who genetically² sampled 236 coyotes in the Chicago area over a six-year period found no evidence of polygamy（一夫多妻） -- of the animals having more than one mate -- nor of one mate ever leaving another while the other was still alive.

 

This was even though the coyotes exist in high population densities³ and have plenty of food to eat, which are conditions that often lead other dog family members, such as some fox species, to stray from their normal monogamy.

 

To cat around, as it were.

 

"I was surprised we didn't find any cheating going on," said study co-author Stan Gehrt, a wildlife ecologist with Ohio State's School of Environment and Natural Resources. "Even with all the opportunities for the coyotes to philander⁴, they really don't.

 

"In contrast to studies of other presumably monogamous species that were later found to be cheating, such as arctic foxes and mountain bluebirds, we found incredible loyalty⁵ to partners in the study population."

 

The study appears in a recent issue of The Journal of Mammalogy.

 

The loyalty of coyotes to their mates may be a key to their success in urban areas, according to Gehrt.

 

Not only does a female coyote have the natural ability to produce large litters of young during times of abundance, such as when living in food-rich cities, she has a faithful partner to help raise them all.

 

"If the female were to try to raise those large litters by herself, she wouldn't be able to do it," said Gehrt, who holds appointments with the university's Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and Ohio State University Extension. "But the male spends just as much time helping⁶ to raise those pups as the female does."

 

Unlike the males of polygamous species, a male coyote "knows that every one of those pups is his offspring" and has a clear genetic¹ stake in helping them survive, Gehrt said.

 

The research was done in Cook, Kane, DuPage and McHenry counties in northeast Illinois. All are in greater Chicago, which is home to about 9 million people and is the third-largest metropolitan⁷（大都市） area in the U.S.

 

It's also home to an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 coyotes. Gehrt has previously⁸ said he "couldn't find an area in Chicago where there weren't coyotes."

 

"You've got lots of coyotes in this landscape," said senior author Cecilia Hennessy, who conducted the study as a master's degree advisee of Gehrt and is now a doctoral student at Purdue University in Indiana. "You've got territories that abut⁹ each other. And coyotes can make long-distance forays. So you'd think, based on previous investigations¹⁰ of dog behavior, that cheating would be likely.

 

"But to find nothing, absolutely nothing, no evidence whatsoever¹¹ of anything that wasn't monogamy, I was very surprised by that," she said.

 

The finding came through a wider study of Chicago-area coyotes that Gehrt has led since 2000. As the largest study ever on urban coyotes, it's a long-term effort to understand the animals' population ecology, how they adapt to urban life and how to reduce their conflicts with people.

 

"A powerful part of the new paper is that we have long-term field work, behavior observations, to accompany Cecilia's genetic work," Gehrt said. "So many genetic studies only analyze¹² samples but know very little about their subjects, whereas we follow these individuals nearly every day and often to the completion of their lives. It's a nice mesh¹³ of lab and field work."

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