流水侵蚀也会形成尖角和边缘

Erosion（侵蚀） caused by flowing water does not only smooth out objects, but can also form distinct shapes with sharp points and edges, a team of New York University researchers has found. Their findings, which appear in the latest edition of the journal the Proceedings¹ of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), reveal the unexpected ways that erosion can affect landscapes and artificial materials. The impact of erosion is widely recognized by environmentalists and geologists², but less clear is how nature's elements, notably³ water and air, work to shape land, rocks, and artificial structures, often resulting in unusual formations.

 

"The main focus of this study was to understand how and why erosion makes these funny shapes," explained Leif Ristroph, a post-doctoral researcher at NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and one of the study's co-authors.

 

To explore these questions, the researchers designed an experiment, conducted in the Courant Institute's Applied⁴ Mathematics Laboratory, to replicate⁵ natural erosion. In it, the researchers submerged（水下的） clay -- shaped as balls or cylinders⁷ -- into a 15-ft. long water tunnel. The apparatus⁸ was designed to continuously generate a uniform flow of water, which would allow the researchers to observe how erosion shapes an entire object.

 

What they found was water flow acts as a shearing⁹ force -- not unlike a nail file -- against objects, working them into specific shapes. Starting from a clay ball, the flowing water sheared¹⁰ the sides away, producing a cone¹¹ with a pointed¹² face. Likewise, the clay cylinder⁶ was sculpted¹³ into a triangular¹⁴ shape. The researchers then sought to confirm these findings by replicating¹⁵ the experiment using a computer model. These results were consistent with the experimental findings, revealing in a computer simulation how the shape was maintained as the body eroded¹⁶ away.

 

"Water acts tangentially¹⁷ to the surface of objects and skims off material to create these unique shapes," explained Ristroph. "In a sense, it works as a sculptor¹⁸ to naturally mold materials into new forms."

 

The study's other co-authors were: Matthew Moore, a Courant post-doctoral fellow; Courant Professors Stephen Childress and Michael Shelley; and Jun Zhang, a professor at the Courant Institute and NYU's Department of Physics.

 

The research was supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-88ER25053) and the National Science Foundation (DMS-1103876, MRI-0821520).

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