以色列海岸发现古代港口

Arrchaeologists from the University of Rhode Island, the Israel Antiquities¹ Authority, and the University of Louisville have discovered the remains² of a fleet of early-19th century ships and ancient harbor structures from the Hellenistic（希腊风格的） period (third to first century B.C.) at the city of Akko, one of the major ancient ports of the eastern Mediterranean³. The findings shed light on a period of history that is little known and point to how and where additional remains may be found. The discoveries were presented on November 15 and 17 in Chicago at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research by URI assistant professors Bridget Buxton and William Krieger on behalf of the Israel Coast Exploration project.

 

According to Buxton, three of the four well-preserved shipwrecks⁴ found off the coast south of Akko were first detected using a sub-bottom profiler in 2011. Later, storms stripped off several meters of inshore sediments⁷ and temporarily revealed the wrecks⁵, as well as an additional large vessel⁸. The wrecks are now reburied.

 

During the brief time the shipwrecks were exposed, the Israel Antiquities Authority investigated one of them: a 32 meter vessel which still preserved its brass⁹ gudgeon（舵枢，诱饵） (rudder socket) and many small artifacts, such as plates, a candlestick, and even a cooking pot with bones in it. Laboratory analyses completed this summer by the IAA revealed that the ship's wood came from Turkey. The team believes these ships may have belonged to the Egyptian navy under Admiral Osman Nurredin Bey, whose ships were severely¹⁰ damaged in his attempt to capture Akko in the Egyptian-Ottoman War of 1831. The town eventually fell to Egyptian land forces under Ibrahim Pasha in 1832.

 

"These ships have occasionally been exposed and buried again by storms since we found them," Buxton said. "We're in a race against time to find other ships in the area and learn from them before storms totally dislodge（驱逐） or destroy them."

 

Although shipwrecks from the 1800s are not the highest priorities in a region where civilization goes back thousands of years, Buxton is excited by the discovery for what it tells her about where much older ships may be found.

 

"Like many underwater archaeologists I'm very interested in finding a well-preserved example of an ancient multi-decked warship¹¹ from the Hellenistic age," said Buxton. "These ships were incredible pieces of technology, but we don't know much about their design because no hulls¹² have been found. However, a combination of unusual environmental and historical factors leads us to believe we have a chance of finding the remains of one of these ships off the northern coast of Israel."

 

Buxton believes that the ships they are looking for are likely buried in the coastal¹³ sediment⁶, which has built up over the centuries through natural processes. However, time is not on their side. "That protective silt¹⁴ is now being stripped away," she said. "And it's being stripped away a lot faster than it was originally dumped, by a combination of development, environmental changes, and the effects of the Aswan Dam." The Nile River has historically deposited large quantities of silt in the area, but the dam has significantly reduced the flow of silt.

 

The archaeologists found the ships and another early modern vessel within Akko's modern harbor while testing their equipment in preparation for an ongoing¹⁵ survey out in deeper water. The sub-bottom profiler detects anomalies below the sea floor. "It's the gift that keeps on giving," Buxton said. "We found so many targets to explore that we didn't have time to check all of them, but even just having information about where things are helps Koby (Jacob Sharvit, director of the IAA Maritime¹⁶ Antiquities Unit) know where to look after any big storms."

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