最年轻的黑洞可能隐藏于超新星残骸中

New data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory¹ suggest a highly distorted（歪曲的） supernova remnant may contain the most recent black hole formed in the Milky² Way galaxy³. The remnant appears to be the product of a rare explosion in which matter is ejected at high speeds along the poles of a rotating star. The remnant, called W49B, is about a thousand years old as seen from Earth and located about 26,000 light-years away.

 

"W49B is the first of its kind to be discovered in the galaxy," said Laura Lopez, who led the study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "It appears its parent star ended its life in a way that most others don't."

 

Usually when a massive star runs out of fuel, the central region of the star collapses⁴, triggering a chain of events that quickly culminate⁶ in a supernova explosion. Most of these explosions are generally symmetrical, with the stellar material blasting away more or less evenly in all directions.

 

However, in the W49B supernova, material near the poles of the doomed⁷ rotating star was ejected at a much higher speed than material emanating⁸ from its equator. Jets shooting away from the star's poles mainly shaped the supernova explosion and its aftermath.

 

The remnant now glows brightly in X-rays and other wavelengths⁹, offering the evidence for a peculiar¹⁰ explosion. By tracing the distribution and amounts of different elements in the stellar debris¹¹ field, researchers were able to compare the Chandra data to theoretical models of how a star explodes. For example, they found iron in only half of the remnant while other elements such as sulfur¹² and silicon¹³ were spread throughout. This matches predictions for an asymmetric¹⁴（不对称的） explosion.

 

"In addition to its unusual signature of elements, W49B also is much more elongated¹⁵ and elliptical than most other remnants," said co-author Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz of the University of California at Santa Cruz. "This is seen in X-rays and several other wavelengths and points to an unusual demise¹⁶ for this star."

 

Because supernova explosions are not well understood, astronomers¹⁷ want to study extreme cases like the one that produced W49B. The relative proximity¹⁸ of W49B also makes it extremely useful for detailed¹⁹ study.

 

The authors examined what sort of compact object the supernova explosion left behind. Most of the time, massive stars that collapse⁵ into supernovas leave a dense²⁰, spinning core called a neutron²¹ star. Astronomers often can detect neutron stars through their X-ray or radio pulses, although sometimes an X-ray source is seen without pulsations. A careful search of the Chandra data revealed no evidence for a neutron star. The lack of such evidence implies a black hole may have formed.

 

"It's a bit circumstantial, but we have intriguing²² evidence the W49B supernova also created a black hole," said co-author Daniel Castro, also of MIT. "If that is the case, we have a rare opportunity to study a supernova responsible for creating a young black hole."

 

Supernova explosions driven by jets like the one in W49B have been linked to gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in other objects. GRBs, which have been seen only in distant galaxies²³, also are thought to mark the birth of a black hole. There is no evidence the W49B supernova produced a GRB, but it may have properties -- including being jet-driven and possibly forming a black hole -- that overlap²⁴ with those of a GRB.

 

The new results on W49B, which were based on about two-and-a-half days of Chandra observing time, appear in a recent issue of the Astrophysical Journal.

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