汪星人“听懂”的到底是你的语言还是语气?

时间:2023-08-21 07:24:42

(单词翻译:单击)

Dog brains process both what we say and how we say it
 
The first study to investigate how dog brains process speech shows that our best friends in the animal kingdom care about both what we say and how we say it. Dogs, like people, use the left hemisphere to process words, a right hemisphere brain region to process intonation1, and praising activates3 dog's reward center only when both words and intonation match, according to a study in Science. The findings of a Hungarian research group suggest that the neural4 mechanisms5 to process words evolved much earlier than previously6 thought, and they are not unique to the human brain, the researchers say. It shows that if an environment is rich in speech, as is the case of family dogs, word meaning representations can arise in the brain, even in a non-primate mammal that is not able to speak.
第一项调查狗的大脑如何处理语言的研究表明,我们在动物界最好的朋友关心我们说什么和我们怎么说。根据《科学》杂志的一项研究,狗和人一样,使用左半脑处理单词,使用右半脑处理语调,只有当单词和语调匹配时,赞扬才会激活狗的奖励中枢。研究人员表示,匈牙利一个研究小组的发现表明,处理单词的神经机制比以前认为的进化得更早,而且它们并非人类大脑独有。研究表明,如果处在一个有丰富的语言环境中,就像家里的狗一样,即使是不会说话的非灵长类哺乳动物,大脑中也会出现词义表征。
 
"During speech processing, there is a well-known distribution of labor7 in the human brain. It is mainly the left hemisphere's job to process word meaning, and the right hemisphere's job to process intonation. The human brain not only separately analyzes8 what we say and how we say it, but also integrates the two types of information, to arrive at a unified9 meaning. Our findings suggest that dogs can also do all that, and they use very similar brain mechanisms," said lead researcher Attila Andics of Department of Ethology and MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest.
“在语音处理过程中,人类大脑中有一个众所周知的劳动分布。它主要是左半球处理词义的工作,而右半球处理语调的工作。人类大脑不仅分别分析我们说的是什么和说的语气,而且还整合了这两种信息,以获得统一的含义。”
 
"We measured dogs' brain activity as they listened to their trainer's speech," explains Anna Gábor, PhD student, author of the study. "Dogs heard praise words in praising intonation, praise words in neutral intonation, and also neutral conjunction words, meaningless to them, in praising and neutral intonations10. We looked for brain regions that differentiated11 between meaningful and meaningless words, or between praising and non-praising intonations."
“我们测量了狗在听训练师演讲时的大脑活动。”。“狗在赞美语调中听到赞美词,在中性语调中听到赞扬词,在赞美和中性语调中也听到对它们没有意义的中性连词。我们寻找区分有意义和无意义的词,或赞美和非赞美语调的大脑区域。”
 
The brain activation12 images showed that dogs prefer to use their left hemisphere to process meaningful but not meaningless words. This left bias13 was present for weak and strong levels of brain activations as well, and it was independent of intonation. Dogs activate2 a right hemisphere brain area to tell apart praising and non-praising intonation. This was the same auditory brain region that this group of researchers previously found in dogs for processing emotional non-speech sounds from both dogs and humans, suggesting that intonation processing mechanisms are not specific to speech.
大脑激活图像显示,狗更喜欢用左半球处理有意义的单词。这种左偏也存在于大脑激活的弱水平和强水平,并且与语调无关。狗激活右半球的大脑区域来区分赞美和非赞美的语调。这与这组研究人员之前在狗身上发现的处理狗和人类情感非言语声音的听觉大脑区域相同,这表明语调处理机制并非语音特有。
 
Importantly, the reward center was active only when dogs heard praise words in praising intonation. "It shows that for dogs, a nice praise can very well work as a reward, but it works best if both words and intonation match. So dogs not only tell apart what we say and how we say it, but they can also combine the two, for a correct interpretation14 of what those words really meant. Again, this is very similar to what human brains do," Andics said.
重要的是,只有当狗听到赞美语调中的赞美词时,奖励中枢才会活跃起来。Andics说:“这表明,对狗来说,善意的赞扬可以很好地作为奖励,但如果单词和语调都匹配,效果最好。所以狗不仅能分辨出我们说什么和怎么说,而且还能将两者结合起来,正确地解释这些单词的真正含义。同样,这与人类大脑的行为非常相似。”
 
This study is the first step to understanding how dogs interpret human speech, and these results can also help to make communication and cooperation between dogs and humans even more efficient, the researchers say.
研究人员表示,这项研究是了解狗如何解读人类语言的第一步,这些结果也有助于提高狗与人类之间的沟通与合作效率。
 

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点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 intonation ubazZ     
n.语调,声调;发声
参考例句:
  • The teacher checks for pronunciation and intonation.老师在检查发音和语调。
  • Questions are spoken with a rising intonation.疑问句是以升调说出来的。
2 activate UJ2y0     
vt.使活动起来,使开始起作用
参考例句:
  • We must activate the youth to study.我们要激励青年去学习。
  • These push buttons can activate the elevator.这些按钮能启动电梯。
3 activates 78ec2b8b23e0120508757d953f1013d1     
使活动,起动,触发( activate的第三人称单数 )
参考例句:
  • Activates the window and displays it in its current size and position. 激活窗口,保持当前的大小及位置不变。
  • Pulling out the alarm switch activates alarm and pushing it deactivates it. 闹钟的开和关是通过拔出和按入闹铃开关实现的。
4 neural DnXzFt     
adj.神经的,神经系统的
参考例句:
  • The neural network can preferably solve the non- linear problem.利用神经网络建模可以较好地解决非线性问题。
  • The information transmission in neural system depends on neurotransmitters.信息传递的神经途径有赖于神经递质。
5 mechanisms d0db71d70348ef1c49f05f59097917b8     
n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 );机械装置;[生物学] 机制;机械作用
参考例句:
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
6 previously bkzzzC     
adv.以前,先前(地)
参考例句:
  • The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
  • Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿,解释原先发生了什么。
7 labor P9Tzs     
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
参考例句:
  • We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
  • He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
8 analyzes e2e80b8320e1dd8d4c035d41fd7e44e5     
v.分析( analyze的第三人称单数 );分解;解释;对…进行心理分析
参考例句:
  • This approach analyzes management by studying experience usually through cases. 这个学派通常从实例获得经验,用以分析管理。 来自辞典例句
  • The econometrician analyzes statistical data. 经济计量学者要分析统计材料。 来自辞典例句
9 unified 40b03ccf3c2da88cc503272d1de3441c     
(unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一的; 统一标准的; 一元化的
参考例句:
  • The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
  • The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。
10 intonations d98b1c7aeb4e25d2f25c883a2db70695     
n.语调,说话的抑扬顿挫( intonation的名词复数 );(演奏或唱歌中的)音准
参考例句:
  • Being able to say simple sentences in correct stresses and intonations. 能以正确的重音及语调说出简单的句子。 来自互联网
  • Peculiar intonations and interesting stories behind every character are what motivated Asmaa to start learning Chinese. 奇特的声调,有故事的汉字,让吴小莉在阴阳上去中、点横竖撇拉中开始了咿呀学语阶段。 来自互联网
11 differentiated 83b7560ad714d20d3b302f7ddc7af15a     
区分,区别,辨别( differentiate的过去式和过去分词 ); 区别对待; 表明…间的差别,构成…间差别的特征
参考例句:
  • The development of mouse kidney tubules requires two kinds of differentiated cells. 小鼠肾小管的发育需要有两种分化的细胞。
  • In this enlargement, barley, alfalfa, and sugar beets can be differentiated. 在这张放大的照片上,大麦,苜蓿和甜菜都能被区分开。
12 activation 24eed33ee38027d124839f0fcdf6adcb     
n. 激活,催化作用
参考例句:
  • A computer controls the activation of an air bag.电脑控制着气囊的启动。
13 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
14 interpretation P5jxQ     
n.解释,说明,描述;艺术处理
参考例句:
  • His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
  • Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。

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